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Piot, Peter (1949-Actualidad)

Born in Leuven (Belgium) in 1949. Doctor of Medicine from the University Ghent (Belgium) in 1974. Ph.D. in Microbiology through the University of Antwerp (Belgium-1980). He was Professor of Microbiology and Public Health at the Institute of Tropical Medicine Prince Leopold (Antwerp) and the Universities of Nairobi, Brussels and Lausanne (Switzerland). In the 90's, Dr Piot begins to take part in the World Health Organization with the Program on HIV / AIDS, where he developed several projects, now is as Secretary General of the United Nations and Executive Director UNAIDS, winning numerous awards.
With Karl Johnson, co-discoverer of the Ebola virus . This name comes from the Ebola River (in the Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly Zaire) where it was first identified in an epidemic in 1976.
This is the virus that causes Ebola haemorrhagic fever, an infectious disease highly contagious and very severe and affects all kinds of primates (including humans) and other mammals.
different strains have been identified (Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, and Ebola Tai Forest) that have caused epidemics with a mortality rate between 50% and 90% in the Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon and Uganda.
The virus is transmitted by direct contact with infected body fluids such as blood, saliva, sweat, urine or vomit. The incubation period ranges from 2 to 21 days, but more often is 5 to 12 days. The reservoir of Ebola virus appears to be a type of fruit bat.
Symptoms: In the beginning is characterized by sudden high fever, prostration, myalgia, arthralgia, abdominal pain and headache. In the period of one week, a rash, often hemorrhagic, appears throughout the body. Hemorrhaging generally occurs from the gastrointestinal tract, causing the infected blood from both the mouth and rectum. The mortality rate is high, reaching 90% and patients usually die from blood loss.
work Author: Tortajada Cabral, Rafael.

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Leishman, William Boog (1865-1926)

born December 6, 1865 in the city of Glasgow (Scotland). Studied at Westminster School and the University of Glasgow.
In 1887 he joined the Navy Medical Service as a surgeon. In India he studied a disease called Kala azar and enteric fever.
On his return to the UK in 1897, was at the Victoria Hospital in Nettley. Was an assistant professor of pathology at the Naval Medical School where he contributed to the improved Romanowsky techniques (methylene blue and eosin) for staining of parasites, including Plasmodium malaria producer.
In 1901, while examining preparations of the spleen of a patient (affected by Kala azar), observed some intracellular oval bodies and published his findings in 1903. Simultaneously, Charles Donovan, of the Medical Service of India, also found these bodies in another patient suffering from kala azar. In this way they discovered the protozoan cause of Kala azar or visceral leishmaniasis, which Leishmania donovan denominarnon i, in honor of its discoverers.
Leishmania is a genus of protozoa, parasite whose life cycle includes the sandfly and midge or a suitable host such as man, among others. Leishmaniasis is a set of clinical manifestations produced by several species of the genus Leishmania. It is considered that at least 20 Leishmania species cause different clinical forms of disease that may occur. The World Health Organization considers leishmaniasis that are distributed worldwide, being endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. Leishman
also came to clarify the life cycle of the spirochete duttoni, which is the cause of African relapsing fever, caused by the tick Ornithodoros.
died on June 6 1926. Author
work: Bañón Gutierrez, Sonia.

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Sabin, Albert Bruce (1906-1993)

Albert B. Sabin is related to virology, and in particular with the study of poliomyelitis and development of a vaccine against this disease that is spread throughout the world in the sixties and seventies during the twentieth century.
Sabin came from a Jewish family. Born in Bialystok (Poland) on August 26, 1906. Due to the German anti-Semitism, he emigrated with his family to the States States in 1921 and later went to New York with the aim of studying dentistry. This race was not satisfied and moved to the School of Medicine, earning the title of doctor of medicine en1931.
polio epidemic in the summer of 1931 and the recommendations of the bacteriologist William Hallock led him to study the cause of polio.
In 1935 he began working at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (New York). Here his goal was to demonstrate that the polio virus could develop into nerve tissue outside the body, one year later showed that the virus could also be found in the digestive tract affected.
Jonas Edward Salk había inventado una vacuna contra los tres tipos de virus de la poliomielitis, pero tenía el inconveniente de que era intravenosa. Sabin consiguió crear una vacuna a base de virus vivos que pudiera administrarse por vía oral, que fuera también trivalente y que produjera una protección más duradera. Esta vacuna se administraba en un terrón de azúcar, de esta forma se difundió en seguida por todo el mundo en 1957. Sabin declinó beneficiarse económicamente de su descubrimiento.
El hecho de utilizar una vacuna de administración oral en vez de parenteral, hizo muchísimo más fácil su aplicación masiva y, gracias a ello, This terrible disease has its days numbered. It is thought that in the year 2010 will be eradicated from the face of the Earth.
work Author: Gilaberte Martínez, Angela.

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Pfeiffer, Richard (1858-1945)

German physician and bacteriologist, born in Zduny and died in Bad Landeck, whose name has been linked to the bacterium Bacillus influenzae or Pfeiffer's bacillus, which is known today name Haemophilus influenzae .
coccobacillus It is a Gram-negative aerobic / facultative anaerobic and still described in 1892 by R. Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. H. influenzae was mistakenly considered the cause of the common flu until 1933, when the viral etiology of the flu became apparent. Because of its small genome (consisting of 1,830,140 base pairs and 1,740 genes), H. influenzae was the first free-living organism whose complete genome was sequenced.
H. influenzae is normal flora of the respiratory tract. In 1930, he defined two types of strains: strains with capsule and without it. Capsulated strains are more virulent as the capsule allows it to resist phagocytosis and lysis in guests not immunized. Nonencapsulated strains are less invasive, although capable of inducing an inflammatory response that causes disorders, such as pneumonia, otitis ,.... Within
encapsulated strains are known serotypes varis serotype B being the most prevalent of all. Vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine is effective in preventing severe infection (eg meningitis in children).
work Author: Arnal Aniorte, Laura.

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Wassermann, August Paul von (1866-1925)

German bacteriologist, was born on February 21, 1866.
He studied medicine at the universities of Erlangen, Vienna and Munich.
In 1891 he joined the newly created Institute for Disease Infectious directed R. Koch in Berlin. Were both in the scientific section and in the clinic.
In 1893 he was assigned to study group of cholera, and from 1895 to 1896 he was medical inspector at the Institute for diphtheria antitoxin control.
worked with Paul Ehrlich and in 1896 conducted experiments to break the bonds toxin-antitoxin, which was helpful to create the side-chain theory of Ehrlich.
In 1906 he came to direct the unit of experimental therapeutics and research in fluid therapy at the Institute of Infectious Diseases. In it, he developed an ingenious reaction hemolytic diagnosing syphilis (caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum) . This reaction is also called a "reaction of complement deviation" or "Bordet-Wassermann reaction." It was released by itself Wassermann and Albert Neisser (discoverer of the gonococcus) and its partners.
This reaction is based on the detection of serum antibodies to the syphilis bacteria. The test has great value because syphilis may be present in the body for many years, causing extensive damage, before producing symptoms. At the start of the reaction is just to discover the causative agent, Treponema pallidum, but was not able to grow. Wassermann antigen used in place of bacterial an aqueous extract of syphilitic fetal liver. The test gave a high proportion of positive results in syphilis, and negative results in normal controls. Thus, the Wassermann soon became a global test and a valuable method in the microbiological diagnosis of syphilis.
Wasserman left the Infectious Diseases Institute in 1913 to head the department of experimental therapeutics for the Advancement of Science in Berlin. It was in this position until the date of his death.
In the last years of his life was affected by Bright's disease (a type of nephritis).
work Author: Tormo Botella, Cristina.

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Twort, Frederick William (1877-1950)

English bacteriologist born in Camberley, Surrey. discovered bacteriophages, viruses that can attack and destroy various bacteria specifically.
studied medicine at St. Thomas Hospital (London) where he was director of the Instituto Brown for Animals (pathological research center) and professor of bacteriology at the University of London. Conducted research relating to Johne's disease (chronic intestinal infection of cattle), and also discovered that vitamin K is essential for the growth of the bacterium that causes leprosy.
In 1915 he discovered a "bacteriolytic agent" to infect and kill bacteria, but was not able to know what exactly the agent. Regardless, the Canadian microbiologist Félix d'Herelle announced on September 3, 1917 his discovery of "an invisible microbial antagonist dysentery bacillus, which he called bacteriophage.
also Twort bacteriolytic agent tried to use this as a vaccine for certain diseases in humans and animals without success, after which it returned to its original idea that bacteriolytic agents require an "essential substance" without which it can grow.
economic resources were dwindling Twort laboratory until his laboratory was destroyed by a bomb in 1944. University of London took the opportunity to relieve Twort from his post and retired to Camberly.
By 1949 his work had been forgotten and the term "bacteriolytic agent" had been replaced by the term "bacteriophage."
Author's work: Soriano Calvo, Mireia.

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Reed, Walter (1851-1902)

surgeon and U.S. Army bacteriologist who investigated the cause of yellow fever.
was born in Gloucester County, Virginia, September 13, 1851, and studied at the University of Virginia and the Faculty of Medicine at Bellevue Hospital. In 1875 he joined the Army Medical Corps, where he served as a military surgeon. In 1893 he served as professor of bacteriology and microscopy at the Army Medical School in Washington, and during the next 7 years conducted extensive research on the etiology, control and transmission of epidemic diseases.
One of his most notable investigation was organized by the War Department called to examine an outbreak of typhoid fever among U.S. troops and the findings of the commission made a major contribution to the prevention and control of epidemics caused by that fever.
However, Reed's greatest contribution was the result of its work in 1900 as director of a committee to study the causes and transmission of yellow fever in Cuba. In 1881, the Cuban physician Carlos Juan Finlay (and posted on this blog) proposed the theory that the vector of the disease was the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Walter Reed confirmed that theory conclusively, because after much research and experiments on volunteer soldiers, showed in 1901 that yellow fever is spread only through the bite of the Aedes mosquito. As a result, it was possible to virtually eliminate the disease in Havana, to kill mosquitoes in the area.
Shortly after his return from Cuba, Reed died in Washington on November 22, 1902. Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington is named in his honor. There is no known treatment
for yellow fever. In 1937, the South African doctor Max Theiler (already posted on this blog) developed a vaccine that confers immunity to the disease. At present, vaccination is still required for all persons traveling to endemic areas in this disease and other parts of the world.
work Author: Company Malonda, Alicia.

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Ivanovski, Dimitri (1864-1920)

Soviet microbiologist and botanist. Born in Russia in 1864. was the first scientist to discover the virus in 1892, studying the so-called snuff mosaic virus.
studied at the University of San Petersburg (Russia). In 1887 he began to investigate a disease affecting the sole of snuff, which is manifested by the formation of a strange design with a mosaic on the leaves and to which he referred to as "wildfire" (meaning "spread like wildfire" ), the speed with which it developed.
could not find the organism that causes it, like Pasteur could not find the rage. Ivanovski infected leaves submerged in a liquid to soften and the thick liquid was passed through a very fine filter designed to retain all bacteria. If the liquid that passed did not infect the plants of healthy snuff could conclude that this was a bacterial cause, but simply had not identified the bacteria. But he found that the liquid passing through the filter if they could infect healthy plants. Could conclude from this that the organism causing mosaic disease of snuff was much smaller than bacteria and could pass through a filter whose pores were too thin for the bacteria. Ivanovski but preferred to believe that your filter was flawed and that the organism had passed through small loopholes in it.
Three years later, in 1895, a Dutch botanist, Martinus Willem Beijerinck repeated the same experiment, but assumed that the filters were imperfect. He insisted that the infecting organism was considerably smaller than bacteria. Do not speculate about their chemical or physical nature. I call it "filterable virus." As virus is a Latin word meaning "poison", Beijerinck was simply calling it "poison that passes through a filter."
died in Rostov-on-Don (Russia) on June 20, 1920.
work Author: Benedito Vera, Elena.

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Fraenkel, Albert (1848-1916)

German bacteriologist who was born on March 10, 1848 in Frankfurt, and died on July 6, 1916 in Berlin.
In 1866 he began his medical studies in Munich. He graduated in 1870 with a thesis on en1872 Addison's disease and was licensed to practice medicine. Initially devoted to internal medicine and obstetrics, but finally took up the study of lung disease after suffering from tuberculosis.
Discoverer of ouabain, a potent cardiac glycoside obtained from the African plant of the genus Strophanthus and used in heart failure. In addition to his contributions to cardiology, undertook bacteriological research culminating in the demonstration and the cultivation of Streptococcus pneumoniae (also known bacteria Fraenkel in his honor) from the sputum of patients with pneumonia.
Streptococcus pneumoniae or pneumococcus is a pathogen that can cause various human infections and severe invasive processes. Is a Gram positive bacteria from 1.2 to 1.8 microns in length, has an oval shape and the distal end lanceolate. It still does not form endospores, and is a member of the genus alpha-hemolytic streptococcus. Generally, in the form of diplococcus, for what was initially called Diplococcus pneumoniae. Author
work: Sivo Agulló, Agar.