Monday, January 21, 2008

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Haffkine, Waldemar (1860-1930)

Bacteriologist Russian who worked in India.
During his career he developed a number of promising vaccines and successful procedures:
Haffkine vaccine (a broth culture, old and barren of Yersinia pestis ), a cholera vaccine (with a live, attenuated strain of Vibrio cholerae , also known as the vaccine Ferrán-Haffkine ), an anti-plague serum, the haffkinina (a preparation of atebrin) and haffkinización (a unique procedure of immunization with anti-plague serum.)
of all this remains only the memory of its vaccine against bubonic plague, the first used in humans and whose principle is the one currently in use, is far from being a marvel. At the crossroads, Haffkine took the beaten track of his time, working with whole bacteria, dead or attenuated virulence, and failed against cholera (which is a disease caused by toxins), and failed in part before the plague (because the procedures of the time was not allowed to select the correct antigen).
In a happy moment of his life, Waldemar Mordecai enjoyed great prestige and came to lead a vaccine laboratory in Bombay. Unfortunately, not personal guilt, the two vaccines were involved in fatal accidents, causing the unfortunate researcher years of bitter disappointments:
- The first occurred in November 1902 during a major vaccine against bubonic plague in the Punjab , where 19 people had been immunized Mulkowal the people died of tetanus. The cause of this unfortunate accident, known as the Mulkowal disaster remained in dispute for four years, but finally seemed Haffkine prove innocence, it was for four centuries of anguish.
- The second began on December 16, 1906, hearing in the press that Dr. Richard Strong was inoculated Bilibid Prison in Manila, 24 "volunteers" with a live cholera vaccine prepared using the procedure Haffkine , following which 13 of them had died. What is truly amazing this new disaster is that the prisoners did not die of cholera, but ... Bubonic plague! (Due to an error during the preparation of the vaccine.)
Unfortunately, Waldemar Haffkine was not fully restored by the events in which he was not at fault, to the point that the famous researcher was suspended for any cholera inoculation in India.
work Author: Senabre Garcia, Cristina.

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Epstein, Michael Anthony (1921 -

English pathologist and virologist, born on May 18, 1921 in London. 1968-1985 he was Professor of Pathology and Head of Department during 1968-1982 at the University of Bristol. Stands out as one of the discoverers of Epstein-Barr .
In 1957 an Irish doctor named Denis Parsons Burkitt conducting research in Africa on a type of tumor that affects the region of the head and neck in children. After several years of studies and compilations, concluded that the tumor was node type and, in some cases, it seemed a lymphosarcoma. The tumor was present in children of all ethnic and group located in central Africa. It remained to investigate the cause of lymphoma.
Burkitt in 1961 gave a lecture on their work at the Middlesex Hospital, London. One attendee was Michael Anthony Epstein. Epstein thought behind this type of cancer could be some virus. Burkitt asked samples and his assistant Yvonne Barr were cultured in vitro continuous lineage lymphoid tumor cells where a virus finally became visible: it was the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes the familiar " infectious mononucleosis, and is now known to be a potential oncogenic activity of B cells, which can lead to problems if you turn on factors not fully understood. Epstein
In 1964, Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr published a paper in the journal The Lancet in which gave news of the discovery of viral particles in cultured Burkitt samples sent. It was the first time mentioned a virus in the genesis of cancer in humans.
work Author: Salom Climent, Gloria.

Sunday, January 20, 2008

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Spallanzani, Lazzaro (1729-1799)

Born in Scandiano, near Reggio (Italy) in 1729. He was appointed professor of physics and mathematics at the University of Reggio, in 1757, and on logic, Greek and metaphysics in Modena and natural sciences in Pavia, a city where he died in 1799. Thanks to his research
gave the name of "biologist biologists." He was a person of many interests scientists investigated: the origin of life, regeneration tissue respiration and other functions of human beings. Passionate
problem of spontaneous tissue regeneration of body parts of amphibians and reptiles but could not reach satisfactory conclusions, especially not explain why it was not the case in humans and other animals. Spallanzani
also showed that there is no spontaneous generation of life , opening the way to the theories of Pasteur. In 1769, after rejecting the theory of spontaneous generation, Spallanzani experiments designed to refute those made by the English Catholic priest John Turberville Needham, who had warmed up and then sealed beef broth in various containers, because they had found microorganisms in the broth after opening the containers, Needham believed that this demonstrated that life arises from nonliving matter. However, prolonging the period of warming and more carefully sealing containers, Spallanzani was able to demonstrate that these wines did not generate microorganisms while the containers were sealed. The dispute between Needham and Spallanzani was long and bitter, as the English claimed that Italian cooking destroyed the vital spirit and Spallanzani proved that the only thing was that cooking destroys the bacteria spores, not a principle of life in nature mystic.
also Spallanzi worked in artificial insemination and implementing it demonstrated in an experiment with a couple of dogs, injected with a syringe at a bitch and sperm that became pregnant. At the same time, thanks to this experiment demonstrated the importance of sperm in the fertilization process.
work Author: Vila Serrano, Sara.

Wednesday, January 16, 2008

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Burgdorfer, Willy (-)

Willy Burgdorfer is an American scientist born in Basel, Switzerland. He is known for the discovery in 1981 of the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi , the bacterium causing disease first described in the town of Lyme (Connectitcut, USA) in 1975, following the appearance of numerous cases of pediatric arthritis in this city, later cases have been reported in many other places in the world. It is an infectious illness, also known as "Lyme's disease, which is transmitted by ticks Ixodes harsh, and characterized by the existence of erythema migrans, and complications after (joints, heart, and even nerve).
In 1944, Dr. Burgdorfer began his studies at the Faculty of Philosophy and Natural Sciences at the University of Basel.

From June 1949 to June 1950 was a research assistant at the Library of the Swiss Tropical Institute in Basel. Chosen as a research topic for his doctoral thesis studying the spirochete Borrelia duttoni , which causes relapsing fever in Africa, and in 1952 received his doctorate in zoology, parasitology and bacteriology at the same university in Switzerland. In the same year (1952), was incorporated as a research fellow at the Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML) in Hamilton (Montana) and later, in 1957, became a U.S. citizen and he joined the RML staff as medical entomologist.
Dr. Burgdorfer research focused on the interaction between animal and human disease-causing agents and their transmission by arthropods that feed on blood, in particular, ticks, fleas and mosquitoes. Throughout his career, he participated in numerous conferences and seminars of the WHO and other health organizations.
From 1967 through 1971 served as an associate member in the "Rickettsial Commission of the Armed Forces Epidemiology Board (Commission on Epidemiology of the U.S. Armed Forces). For several years (1968-1971) was co-director of "Project on Rickettsial Zoonoses Research (Research Project Rickettsia Zoonoses) in Egypt. He has also received numerous awards including Koch's prestigious Award, the Award of Bristol, Schaudinn-Hoffman Plaque and Gold Medal of Walter Reed. It is co-editor of the book Aspects of Lyme borreliosis and has published over 220 papers and written numerous books.
Although he retired in 1986, Dr. Burgdorfer continues its collaboration with RML Labs where he has remained active as a scientist emeritus member.
work Author: Oliver Chapí, Anna.

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Grigorov, Stamen (1878-1945)

born October 27, 1878. He was the son of illiterate peasants in Southwest Bulgaria, who managed to send him to study abroad, counting that again made a schoolteacher. Stamen Grigorov, preferred to stay in France and continue with their studies. He enrolled in the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the French city of Montpellier. He then studied medicine in Geneva.
At 27 years and is assistant to the prominent French bacteriologist Vincent Massol. After a rare holiday in Bulgaria, the young doctor returned to the laboratory of Prof. Massol with a pot of yogurt that had made her mother curdle. Asked the teacher some guidance and stuck to the microscope ... After long experiments able to discover and isolate the bacteria that causes fermentation of milk which has the effect of product now we all know as yogurt.
In 1903 Dr. Stamen Grigorov published a scientific paper on his discovery and two years later presented a report on the Bulgarian yoghurt at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. In his honor was discovered the new bacterium called Bacterium bulgaricum Grigoroff .
A special contribution to the dissemination of fame of the Bulgarian product is the Russian biologist Ilya Mechnikov. According to his theory, published in 1908, the main cause of human aging is the accumulation of toxic substances in the body and the effect of putrefactive bacteria in the colon. The Bulgarian bacteria, said the scientist, retains the development of pathogenic bacteria thus delay the aging process of the body.
funny thing is that this bacterium, which finally became known as Lactobabilus bulgaricus, has specific characteristics and qualities only in the territory of Bulgaria. To be transferred to other geographical latitudes, although the mutated and obtained his help yogurt tastes very similar to the original Bulgarian properties are not the same and "lose the effect of retarding aging."
Despite having made an important discovery, his true love was not practical medicine and scientific research. Although he invited to stay and work in Geneva, he returned to Bulgaria and was in charge of the hospital in the small Bulgarian town of Tran, southwest of the country. His biggest dream was to combat tuberculosis which in the early twentieth century was a real curse for Bulgaria. In 1912, Bulgaria began a long and difficult period of successive wars. Dr. Grigorov goes to the front. That serves thousands of soldiers and civilians wounded or sick of cholera. A lack of adequate drugs and anticipating something English microbiologist Alexander Fleming, discoverer of penicillin, get relieve the state of their patients and even cure some of them feeding them bread mold, fungus covered penicillin. Dr. Grigorov is decorated with a Cross of Valor and the Red Cross of Gold
After the First World War and returned to the hospital in Tran. Having rejected two invitations to work in Geneva or in Brazil, it accepts a hospital in Milan, Italy, where he again devoted to the treatment of tuberculosis. Dies in Bulgaria on October 27, 1945.
work Author: Trescolí Briz, Salome.

Wednesday, January 9, 2008

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Creutzfeldt, Hans-Gehard (1885-1964)

Son of Otto Creutzfeldt doctor. Born in Hamburg (Germany) on June 2, 1885. He was the co-discoverer neuropathologist of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in 1920.
studied at the Faculties of Medicine of the Universities of Jena and Rostock, receiving his degree in 1909. Was part of his residency at St. George Hospital in Hamburg. I also work at the Neurological Institute in Frankfurt, Neuropsychiatric Clinic of Breslau, Kiel and Berlin, and Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für
Psychiatrie in Munich.
described in 1920, with his friend Alfonso Maria Jakob, the disease that now bears the name of both: the Creutzfeldt - Jakob . It is a neurological disease with forms of genetic and infectious also produced by a protein called prion (PrP). This protein folds abnormally, seeming to encourage other proteins that alter their shape, which affects their ability to function.
The disease causes decreased brain function and movement, having a very fast progress, because after six months there is total insanity and death occurs shortly after, as there is no known cure.
In 1925 he received the degree of extraordinarius professor of psychiatry and neurology, to be appointed in 1938 professor and director of psychiatric and neurological unit at the University of Kiel, where he served as rector after the Second World War. When the forces British occupation was fired for a conflict, Creutzfeldt moved to Munich (1950) to pursue his scientific and died there in 1964. Author
work: Penalba Valles, Maria Teresa.

Tuesday, January 8, 2008

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Lederberg, Joshua (1925-Actualidad)

Joshua Lederberg was born in 1925 in Montclair (New Jersey, USA). He graduated at age 19 at Columbia College in New York and completed his medical studies at Columbia University (New York). She received her Ph.D. at Yale University and earned a doctorate degree in 1948.
then moved to the University of Wisconsin Professor of Genetics, where he obtained the chair of that product. He was later appointed director of the Department of Genetics, Stanford University and director of the Kennedy Laboratories for Molecular Biology.
While doing research at Yale, found that bacteria have a primitive sexuality, ie, that reproduce by conjugation, a mutual exchange of genes between sexually undifferentiated unicellular organisms. This finding dramatically expanded the possibilities of genetic research. It was considered even more important as the subsequent discovery that some viruses carry hereditary material from one bacterial cell to another, thereby altering the inheritance of their guests. This process is called "transduction" .
For their discoveries concerning genetic combinations and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria obtained the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958, shared with George W. Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum.
work Author: Torres, Francisco.

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Bassi, Agostino (1773-1856)

born September 25, 1773, near Lodi, Lombaría, and died on February 8, 1856 in Lodi.
lawyer and farmer Lombard studied law at the University of Pavia and also took courses in physics, chemistry, biology and medicine, which were most interested him.
made a great discovery in modern bacteriology. The first experimental evidence of a biological agent to cause an epidemic disease was provided by Agostino Bassi in 1835, it was demonstrated that some silk-worm disease, which had appeared in Lombardy, was due to the fungus Botrytis bassiana.
Due to problems with your eyesight (who accompanied him throughout his life and prevented the use of the microscope) gave up his law practice and retired to his farm in Mairago, but his interest science led him to study the disease of silkworms segno calcinaccio or sick, which is that the silkworm is covered by whitish spots and calcareous hard and finely granular consistency, especially after he dies, the disease had produced severe damage to the silk industry of Lombardy. Bassi
invested 25 years in the systematic study of the evil of segno, the first eight trying to reproduce the disease experimentally by external and internal management of phosphoric acid to the worms, without success, and the other exploring the hypothesis that cause was an "external germ that enters from outside and grows, "which was correct. Bassi identified the causal agent as a parasitic fungus and tried unsuccessfully to cultivate in vitro. Shortly after the G. Balsamo Crivelli identified as Botrytis paradoxa and renamed as B. bassiana.
Bassi published
their comments on the book from the evil of segno, calcinaccio or moscardino, malattia che i bachi mushroom Afflicted (1835), which entered the infectious nature of disease and full instructions are given to cure worms crops affected by substances he also discovered chemicals.
Later Bassi noted elsewhere that certain human diseases such as measles, bubonic plague, syphilis, cholera, rabies, gonorrhea, are also produced by parasites, but only reasoning by analogy and not provide objective evidence of their claims.
Student: Montilla Rodriguez, Elena.

Monday, January 7, 2008

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Kaposi, Moritz (1837-1902 )

Kaposi was born in Kaposvár (Hungary) on October 23, 1837. His real name was Kohn, who changed to Kaposi, referring to his birthplace.
side studied in Pressburg (Bratislava). In 1856 he began medicine at the University of Vienna, where he earned a degree in 1861. He was hired as Strand assistant. Worked with him between 1862 and 1867.
is famous for having described the tumor that bears his name: Kaposi's sarcoma (see picture). It is a malignant skin tumor that clinically is characterized by the appearance of patches, plaques or nodules of different sizes and purple skin generally, but there are ways nodal presentation without skin lesions or mucosal lesions mouth and intestine.
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is one of the most common malignancies in patients infected with HIV / AIDS, especially among HIV-positive gay men, but also occurs in women and heterosexuals. In patients with AIDS, cervical cancer can develop very rapidly and can involve the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract and other organs. On the other hand, people who undergo kidney transplants are also at risk for this type of sarcoma.
The pathogenesis of KS has not been fully elucidated. Long epidemiological study has linked to sexual practices among men and has been linked to many microorganisms, mainly viruses. It is now known that the Herpes Virus type 8 appears to be the desencadente. Kaposi
Over time he became a skilled clinician and a good pathologist. He described other diseases such as xeroderma pigmentosum, the Herpetic eczema, lupus erythematosus, dermatitis capillitii capillaris, and chicken pox rash, among others. Kaposi
died on March 6, 1902 in Vienna. Author
work: Poblador Adam, Michael.

Saturday, January 5, 2008

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Carleton Gajdusek, Daniel (1932-Actualidad)

American born in 1932 in New York. At first he studied chemistry and mathematics at the University of Rochesterpero then medicine at Harvard University. Furthered his studies in chemistry at the California Institute of Technology. He worked as a researcher at Harvard University in Iran and Australia, and was part of research team from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases in Bethesda (Maryland).
discovered in 1957, among the natives of New Guinea, a disease affecting the central nervous system and was called by the Indians themselves as kuru ("trembling"). Gajdusek and Gibbs showed that the disease was not hereditary, as had hitherto thought, but was caused by an infectious agent "slow" transmitted through cannibalism. Subsequently, Prusiner prove it was caused by an abnormal protein called a prion.
working since 1958 at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda as a professor of pediatrics, first, and later in virology.
since 1957 Dedicated to the study of slow virus in 1976 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his studies on the disease known as spongiform encephalopathies, an award he shared with fellow Baruch S. Blumberg.
In April 1996 he was arrested for pedophilia in the course of a federal investigation against child pornography rings. Following the declaration of victims of sexual abuse during childhood and the incriminating evidence, pleaded guilty in 1997 and sentenced to 19 months in prison. In 1998 allowed him to travel to Europe on probation for be 5 years of surveillance by law.
work Author: Sivo Agulló, Ruth.

Thursday, January 3, 2008

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Craighill Lancefield, Rebecca (1895-1981)

born January 5, 1895 in Fort Wadsworth (New York). She studied at Wellesley College (Massachusetts) and Columbia University (New York), where his doctorate in 1925. He was also Professor of Microbiology at the University from 1958 to 1965.
In his career conducted extensive research in the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. In 1973 he was awarded the title of Doctor of Science from that institution.
Its main contribution to the world of microbiology is derived from their studies on the antigenic nature of carbohydrates present in the cell wall of streptococci. As a result, came to establish a serological classification of different types of Streptococcus currently being used. Thus, the Streptococcus pyogenes belongs to the Lancefield group A, S. agalactiae belongs to group B, etc.
died March 3, 1981.
work Author: Pastor Martinez, Agnes.